Liminary texts to the Psalms (two epistles, one epigram)
Two dedicatory epistles (and an epigram) accompany Marot’s Psalm poems. The two large poems are of course meant as captationes benevolentiae, but they are clever ones, amusing, witty. In the first one (1541) there is some venenum in cauda, whereas the last one (1543) is a simply a meditation about the two loves in a truly neo-platonic fashion. Worthwhile.
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Dedicatory epistle of the Cinquante Pseaumes (1543) - Puisque voulez que je poursuive
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Epigram accompanying the despatch of the Vingt Pseaulmes (1543) - Quand viendra le siècle doré
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Dedicatory epistle of the Trente Pseaulmes (1541) - Jà n'est besoing, Roy
Epigram accompanying the despatch of the Vingt Pseaulmes (1543)
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Clément Marot au Roy 1543. |
Clement Marot, to the King.
Because you want me to continue, o King, the Royal work of the Psalter, I began [to translate], and that every God-loving-heart desires, I consider it my duty to occupy me with this task. to feel offended about it, is alright with me: for they, to whom such a good is not agreeable, should realise, if they did not yet consider it, that by pleasing you it pleases me to displease them.
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Clément Marot, tot de Koning
Omdat u wilt dat ik
doorga, Sire, met het |
Dedicatory epistle of the Cinquante Pseaumes (1543)
This introductory poem, dated 1 August 1543, precedes the entire collection of Psalm poems. It not only is a new poem but also introduces a new addressee, les Dames de France, the Ladies of the French Royal Court. This poem is quite different from the dedicatory poem of the Trente Pseaulmes, both in tone and content. The 62 lines set out one line of thought with vigour, concerning a theme almost absent in the dedicatory epistle to the Trente Pseaulmes: the ‘two conflicting loves’ and their deities: Cupid and God, with their corresponding worship and liturgical songs: chansons and Psalms. Marot has excelled in both genres. The appearance of this theme in the context of a Psalm publication is quite surprising, although the theme as such (‘Ferme Amour’ vs. ‘Folle amour’) was a much discussed (and very complex) subject in late medieval and early Renaissance poetry; at the time it was even the topic of the day, since all of Paris was held in thrall by what is often referred to as the Querelle des Amyes. The outline and the different positions taken in this debate circle around the question whether the Dames de France are capable of true love, i.e., unselfish love (Agape), or are by nature confined to a lower level of love, i.e., concupiscence, interested (selfish) love (Eros). The dispute itself dates back to the medieval Querelle de la rose in which Christine de Pisan (c. 1364– c. 1430) protested against the portrayal of women in the Roman de la Rose (begun by Guillaume de Lorris around 1230, edited 50 years later by Jean de Meung). During Marot’s lifetime a new edition of the Roman de la Rose appeared which has been often ascribed to Marot but is probably not his work. Form, language (semantic field and linguistic choices), content, and addressee of Marot's epistle fit in almost seamlessly.
| Clement Marot aux Dames de France
humble salut. |
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Quand viendra le siècle doré, Qu'on verra Dieu seul adoré, Loué, chanté, comme il l'ordonne, Sans qu'ailleurs sa gloire l'on donne? Quand n'auront plus ne cours ne lieu, Les Chansons de ce petit Dieu A qui les Peintres font des ailes? O vous Dames, et Demoiselles, Que Dieu fait pour être son Temple, Et faites, sous mauvais exemple, Retentir et Chambres, et Salles De Chansons mondaines, ou sales, Je veux ici vous présenter De quoi, sans offense, chanter: Et sachant, que point ne vous plaisent Chansons, qui de l'amour se taisent: Celles qu'ici présenter j'ose Ne parlent, certes, d'autre chose: Ce n'est qu'amour, Amour lui-même, Par sa sapience suprême, Les composa, et l'homme vain N'en a été que l'écrivain. Amour, duquel parlant je vois, A fait en vous langage, et voix Pour chanter ses hautes louanges, Non point celles des Dieux étranges, Qui n'ont ni pouvoir, ni aveu De faire en vous un seul cheveu. L'amour dont je veux que chantez Ne rendra vos coeurs tourmentez Ainsi que l'autre, mais sans doute, Il vous remplira l'âme toute De ce plaisir solacieux Que sentent les Anges aux cieux, Car son Esprit vous fera grâce De venir prendre en vos coeurs place, Et les convertir, et muer, Faisant vos lèvres remuer, Et vos doigts, sur les Epinettes, Pour dire saintes Chansonnettes. O bien heureux, qui voir pourra Fleurir le temps, que l'on ouïra Le Laboureur à sa charrue, Le Charretier parmi la rue, Et l'Artisan en sa boutique, Avecques un Psaume, ou Cantique, En son labeur se soulager: Heureux, qui oïrat le Berger, Et la Bergère, au bois étant, Faire que rochiers, et étangs, Après eux chantent la hauteur Du saint Nom de leur Créateur. Souffrirez-vous qu'à joie telle, Plutôt que vous, Dieu les appelle? Commencez, Dames, commencez, Le siècle doré avancez, En chantant d'un coeur débonnaire Dedans ce saint Cantionnaire: Afin que du monde s'envole Ce Dieu inconstant d'amour folle, Place faisant à l'amiable Vrai Dieu d'amour, non variable. Le premier jour d'Août. |
Wanneer komt de gouden eeuw Het is de liefde, de Liefde zelf die in zijn verheven wijsheid speelde enkel voor notaris. De Liefde, waarvan ik wil dat gij zingt
O, welzalig degene die de tijd zal zien 1 augustus 1543 |
Dedicatory epistle of the Trente Pseaulmes (1541)
This epistle (170 lines) appeared in print for the first time in 1541 (accompanying Marot's first official edition of his Psalm poems, after some partial clandestine editions with often more primitive texts. The comparison with David is of course a courtly compliment (both warrior and poet), but also elaborated in a classical antique way. Marot is an Orpheus redivivus, a therapeutic mystical bard. In the end Marot hides his already suspect project (bible-translating was considered heretical, esp. when it was done based on the original texts, the Hebrew) behind the authority of the Royal Lecturers of Hebrew, installed by the King himself. First a summary and then the entire text.
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scene |
lines |
structure |
summary |
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1 |
1–10 |
dedication |
a royal prayer book for a ‘Roy treschrestien’ because the two are alike: |
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2 |
11–38 |
reason for dedication: similarities King François
| same virtues: prudence; inner strength in adversity, bringing about peace; great both in war and writing. |
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3 |
39–52 |
sources of inspiration of David |
God was David’s Apollo, the Holy Spirit his Muse, Grace his fountain. |
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4 |
53–64 |
comparison with profane subjects |
David’s does not write mundane fables but divine verses about the ‘lover of the blessed souls.’ |
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5 |
65–74 |
characterisation of the God of Psalms |
God is the King of kings, God of Hosts, Shepherd, Law and judgement: |
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6 |
75–78 |
Gods double judgment |
sweet for the elect, harsh for the rejected. |
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7 |
79–88 |
David is an instrument and a perfect type of Christ |
The voice is the Holy Spirit, David is an instrument and also the most perfect ‘figure’ of Christ. |
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8 |
89–106 |
the knowledge the Psalms convey |
Knowledge of the self and of God, man being nothing, God all in all, as becomes manifest in nature and history. |
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9 |
107–114 |
the effect of the Psalms |
Like a medicine the Psalms cure all illnesses and offer consolation in adversity. |
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10 |
115–134 |
poetic appraisal of the Psalms I |
More lyrical than Homer and Horace, both stylistically and in descriptions and in affects. |
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11 |
135–140 |
biblical example |
Example of Saul’s mania, cured by David’s poetry. |
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12 |
141–150 |
poetic appraisal of the Psalms II |
Orpheus, Arion, Phebus would have given David the laurel wreath and, |
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13 |
151–157 |
obscuration of the old text |
though the music is lost, the text has survived, but has become hard to understand. |
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14 |
158–170 |
recent restitution of the Psalms |
The Royal lecturers however, have restored it in its original clearness, and these translations are Marot’s first fruits, more to follow. |
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Au treschrestien Roy de France, Françoys premier de ce nom,
Clement Marot, Salut.
Car il fut Roy de prudence vestu:
Fort bien porta ses fortunes adverses:
En Dieu remist et soy, et son affaire:
Il eut en fin la paix par luy requise:
Que diray plus? vous estes les deux Roys,
Le sainct Esprit estoit sa Calliope:
Finablement son ruysseau Caballin,
Icy n'est pas l'adventure d'Aenée,
Fables n'y sont plaisantes, mensongieres,
Ses vers divins, ses chansons mesurées
Icy sa voix sur les reprouvés tonne, 89-106
Qui bien y lict, à congnoistre il apprend 107-114
O gentilz cueurs, et âmes amoureuses,
Tu trouveras le sens en estre tel,
N'a il souvent au doulx son de sa Lyre 141-150
Si Orpheus jadis l'eust entendue,
Or sont en l'air perdus les plaisants sons 158-170
Mais tout ainsi, qu'avec diligence |
[Dutch: partial werkvertaling]
It is not necessary, o King, to worry nor to ask advice,
whom to dedicate this work.
conference = comparison vergelijkingspunt: Want hij was koning met prudence bekleed,
u met deugd versierd.
Wat nog? U bent de twee koningen
onsterfelijke naam hebt verworven behagend de MUZEN zozeer te honoreren, dat u met dezelfde sterke rechterhand scepter dragend, netzozeer handig in de wapens, ook bent gaan schrijven; geschriften die zo'n kracht hebben dat ze helemaal niet meer aan de dood onderhevig zijn. (Frans I = dichter) dus koning, accepteer het WERK van David
dwz van GOD, die hem ‘vervoert’,
noch fabels, leugens, noch lichtemondaine liefdes.
(impudique/lascive & variable changeante)
Zijn divine verses, his well measured
songs
Hier zijn de lofprijzingen beschreven
Hoe zijn stem over de veroordeelden dondert
Hier hoor je GEEST vn God, geschilderd (vreemd maar waar)
uw eigen JANET (Jean Clouet)en de grote Michelangelo. Wie goed leest, hij leert zowel ZICHZELVE kennen
als Hem die alles ziet en begrijpt
Niet nodig dus, bij hem Horatius op te voeren,
als hij niet genade verlizen wil;
Had Orpheus hem gehoord
Wel zijn de klanken verwaaid
Maar zoals ze met ijver zijn |